Yele Sambat[edit]
Yele Sambat (Yele Era) is named after Kirat King Yalambar. According to Gopalvansavali, 32 Kirat Kings ruled in the Kathmandu valley for 1963 years 8 months. The Lichhavi dynasty dethroned the Kirat rulers in BCE 158 (evidence: statue of Jaya Barma found in Maligaun of Kathmandu). This means that Kirat King Yalambar's reign started AD 1779.8. If we calculate current 2015 + 1779.8 = 3794 is the Kirati new year in Maghe Sakranti in AD 2015.
Mythology[edit]
Kirātas (Sanskrit: किरात) are mentioned in early Sanskrit literature as hunter tribes from the
Himalayas. They are first mentioned in the
Yajurveda (
Shukla XXX.16;
Krisha III.4,12,1), and in the
Atharvaveda (X.4,14), which dates back to 16th century BC.
[citation needed] They are often mentioned along with the Cinas "Chinese".
[citation needed]
The Sanskrit
kavya titled
Kiratarjuniya (
Of Arjuna and the Kirata) mentions that
Arjuna adopted the name, nationality, and guise of a Kirata for a certain period to learn archery and the use of other arms from
Shiva, who was considered as the deity of the Kirata.
[5] Hindu myth also has many incidents where the god
Shivaimitates a married Kirati girl who later become
Parvati.
[6] In
Yoga Vasistha 1.15.5, Rama speaks of
kirāteneva vāgurā "a trap [laid] by Kiratas", so about 10th century BCE, they were thought of as jungle trappers, the ones who dug pits to capture roving deer. The same text also speaks of King Suraghu, the head of the Kiratas who is a friend of the Persian King, Parigha.
Modern scholarship[edit]
Contemporary historians widely agree that a widespread cultural exchange and intermarriage took place in the eastern Himalayan region between the indigenous inhabitants – called the Kirat – and the Tibetan migrant population, reaching a climax during the 8th and 9th centuries. Another wave of political and cultural conflict between
Khas and Kirat ideals surfaced in the Kirat region of present-day Nepal during the last quarter of the 18th century. A collection of manuscripts from the 18th and 19th centuries, till now unpublished and unstudied by historians, have made possible a new understanding of this conflict. These historical sources are among those collected by
Brian Houghton Hodgson – a British diplomat and self-trained orientalist appointed to the
Kathmandu court during the second quarter of the 19th century – and his principal research aide, the
Newar scholar
Khardar Jitmohan.
For over two millennia, a large portion of the eastern
Himalaya has been identified as the home of the Kirat people, of which the majority are known today as
Newar,
Sunuwar,
Rai,
Limbu and
Yakkha. In ancient times, the entire Himalayan region was known as the
Kimpurusha Desha (also, Kirata Pradesh), a phrase derived from a Sanskrit term used to identify people of Kirat origin. These people were also known as
Nep, to which the name
Nepala and
Newar are believed to have an etymological link. The earliest references to the Kirat as principal inhabitants of the Himalayan region are found in the texts of
Atharvashirsha and
Mahabharata, believed to date to before the 9th century BC. For over a millennium, the Kirat had also inhabited the
Kathmandu Valley, where they installed their own ruling dynasty. According to the
history of Nepal, the Kirats ruled for about 1225 years (800 BCE–300 CE), their reign had a total of 29 kings during that time. The Kirat population in the valley along with original Australoids and Austro-Asiatic speakers form the base for later Newar population. As time passed, other Kirat groups, now known as
Sunuwar,
Rai and the
Limbu, settled mostly in the
Koshi region of present-day eastern Nepal and
Sikkim.
From around the 8th century, areas on the northern frontier of the Kirat region began to fall under the domination of migrant people of Tibetan origin. This flux of migration brought about the domination by Tibetan religious and cultural practices over ancient Kirat traditions. This influence first introduced shamanistic
Bönpractices, which in turn were later replaced by the oldest form of
Tibetan Buddhism. The early influx of Bön culture to the peripheral Himalayan regions occurred only after the advent of
Nyingma, the oldest Buddhist order in
Lhasa and
Central Tibet, which led followers of the older religion to flee to the Kirat areas for survival. The Tibetan cultural influx ultimately laid the foundation for a Tibetan politico-religious order in the Kirat regions, and this led to the emergence of two major Tibetan Buddhist dynasties, one in Sikkim and another in
Bhutan. The early political order of the Kingdom of Bhutan had been established under the political and spiritual leadership of the lama Zhabs-drung
Ngawang Namgyal.
Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe and Kirat revival[edit]
Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe or Teyongshi Ziri Dzö-nga Xin Thebe was an 18th-century Limbu scholar, teacher, educationist, historian and philosopher of
Limbuwan and Sikkim. He was formally known as Sirichongba but his more popular name was and remains Sirijanga. Sirijanga researched and taught the Kirat-Sirijonga script, language and religion of the Limbus in various part of Limbuwan and Sikkim. He revived the old Kirat script.
History of Limbuwan: Kirat people of Limbu nationality[edit]
Kirati tribesman from Himalayas
Limbuwan had a distinct history and political establishment until its unification with the kingdom of
Gorkha in 1774 AD. During King Prithvi Narayan Shah's unification of Nepal, the present-day Nepal east of
Arun and
Koshi rivers was known as Pallo Kirat Limbuwan. It was divided into 10 Limbu kingdoms of which
Morang kingdom was the most powerful and had a central government. The capital of Morang kingdom was Bijaypur (present-day
Dharan). After the
Limbuwan Gorkha War and seeing the threat of the rising power of the
British East India Company, the kings and ministers of all the 10 Limbu kingdoms of Limbuwan gathered in Bijaypur to agree upon the Limbuwan-Gorkha Treaty. This treaty formally merged the 10 Limbu kingdoms into the Gorkha kingdom but it also had a provision for autonomy of Limbuwan under the "kipat" system.
Gorkhali hegemonies[edit]
After the completion of the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley in 1769, the Gorkhali army marched east towards the Kirat territory. The Sen rulers of eastern Nepal, known as Hindupati, had established a weak rule in the Kirat region by adopting a policy of mutual understanding with the local Kirat leaders. The Gorkhali military campaign, in contrast, brought with it a forceful and brutal occupation. During the conquest, the invading authorities succeeded to capture "Majh Kirat" or state ruled by Rai's and Sen but repeatedly defeated by the hands of "Pallo Kirat" state ruled by Limbu. After diplomacy by Kirati Magar General of King Prithvi Narayan Shah (Actually Shah Dynasty was started in Lamjung State presently District by winning marathon competition, a competition winner getting prized to be King of Lamjung, During his tenure (King Dravya Shah "Founder of Shah Dynasty" invaded Gorkha and merged Lamjung into it totally vanishing marathon winner King system in Lamjung and making native Magar his Queen, courtiers and generals ), a Magar dominant area- near Gorkha state) stating Magar, Shah (who are originally Rajput of India who have fled from moguls invasion or who refused to give daughter to or serve moguls) and Limbu into "Mitari Synoo" - a tradition which promise become friend forever diping hands in Salt Water in Zinc bowl. Shah King also promises to give autonomy power to "Pallo Kirat" saying "Your tribe is never to be diminished as long as there is sun and moon .Any reduction of Power from my successors will result in curse to my Dynasty. " in agreement called "KIPAT" which is till now held by Limbu Community. In return Limbu will fight for expansion of Gorkha in east and stop Invasion from east from state like Sikkim and Bhutan. According to old text of Kirati Limbu and story passed to next generation, this agreement cause huge division among them. The rebelling side arguing not to trust King Prithvi Narayan Shah. Out of 14 clan of Limbu 3-4 clan moved towards Sikkim and further down to Burma along with some Kirati Rai.
Till late 19th Century, Limbu ruled "Pallo Kirat" worshiping supreme power called Tagera Ningwaphuma, who is also known as the supreme source of knowledge similarly Him sammang, Yuma Sammang, and Theba Sammang. The topless bamboo tree of BuddhaSubba Temple of Dharan, Nepal is to believed to be grown from bows and arrows left by Buddhikarna Raya (Tumbapo) when he was unable to kill an elephant with a single strike of arrow from his bow. After the end of Rana Regime in 2007 BS(1961 AD), when shah dynasty again ruled Nepal at that time onwards the autonomous power given to Limbu was reduced. King Tribhuwan demolished tile of Hang "King in Limbu" to Subba. When King Mahendra(Tribhuwan Son at that time only Prince) ascended the throne he banished the law which probhits other tribe right to buy land without permission of Subba (Head of Limbu) of particular area as well as levy and taxes to Subba in 1979. His successor elder son King Birendra and his family was Massacred, His youngest son who replace his elder brother in the throne was ovethrown by people Movement thus ending shah dynasty also in Nepal.
Religion[edit]
Main article:
Kirat Mundhum
The Himalayan Kirat people practice
Kiratism, calling it "Kirat religion". The Kiratis follow
Kirat Mundhum. Their holy text is the
Mundhum, also known as the
Kirat Veda.
[9] Kirat Rai worship nature and their ancestors. Animism and shamanism and belief in their primeval ancestors, Sumnima and Paruhang are their cultural and religious practices. The names of some of their festivals are
Sakela, Sakle, Tashi, Sakewa, Saleladi Bhunmidev, Chyabrung, Yokwa and Folsyandar. They have two main festivals: Sakela/Sakewa Ubhauli during planting season and Sakela/Sakewa Udhauli during the time of harvest. Khas Kiratis and Tibetan-Himalayan or Sikkimese follows
Buddhism and the Kacharis of Northeast, India follows the
Bathouism religion, named after Bathou which in Bodo means the five principles. The five principles are: bar (air), san (sun), ha (earth), or (fire) and okhrang (sky). The chief deity, called Bathoubwrai (bwarai: "the Elder")—omnipresent, omniscient and omnipotent—is said to have created the five principles. Though there are other minor gods and goddesses, Bathoubwrai is considered the Supreme God. The second most important deity is Mainao, the consort of Bathoubwrai, who is considered as the "protector of the rice fields". Some ethnic groups also have adopted Christianity and Hinduism religion cause of mixing up with Indian nation.
Kirat
Limbu people believe in a supreme god called Tagera Ningwaphuma, who is also known as the supreme knowledge.
[10] The Kirat ancestor Yuma Sammang and god of war Theba Sammang are the second most important deities.
Kirat mainly believe in Shiva, the Hindu lord. There is a giant
linga of the Kirat at Kirateshwara.
[11]
See also[edit]
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